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POLITICS – the art of ruling

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Definition of Politics and it’s spread:

The word Politics is derived from the Greek word politiká or the affairs of the states. It is the set of affairs or activities of a group or individual to set a goal or mission to form an entity, which we call a Party or organization to rule or govern a body, a club, state or country or continent. Decision making in groups, based on the distribution of power allocations, voting, setting references and status of anybody, is nothing but activities of Politics.

History of politics

The history of politics can be found in early antiquity, with seminal works such as Plato’s RepublicAristotle’s Politics, Chanakya’s Arthashastra and Chanakya Niti (3rd century BCE), and the phenomenal work of Chinese visitor or monk Confucius.

Aspects of politics

 It is a multi-meaning word, when used positively, e.g. “political solution,” it refers to an approach which is rational, logical and non-violent, but can also be negatively implied, E.g., as Wendell Phillips, an American abolitionist once stated that “we do not play politics; anti-slavery is no half-jest with us.” 

Importance of politics

Moreover, Politics is a social exercise dealing with the allocation of the power of decision making concerning all the disciplines of public life, systems, political behavior, and public policies that govern a country, international institutions, entities, and organizations. The critical measure of the success of governance involves scrutinizing and analyzing many factors like stability, justice, wealth, peace, and public health.

 Definite attempt to describe things as they are, or oppositely how things are ought to be, this kind of analyzing politics is called normative politics.

 Politics should have a rational constitution or a rule book that must be accepted by society at large and must be followed by every ruling organization. 

Activities of politics

In politics, people exercise various methods like promotion of a party or group’s idea or views or of the leader who has been selected to represent his voters or followers. It includes meetings, events, political road shows, or campaigns, or maybe to announce War against the enemies or their ideas or methodology. Politics has a significant influence in different sectors and levels of societies, from Caste and clans of traditional societies to today’s organized local municipalities and panchayet spanning over companies and institutions. The influence of politics hovers from the states, union territory to the international l

Significance of politics

Politics is the basic instinct of human beings. In the epics of our history and prehistoric era, we have read many stories of wars whose roots were in power and politics. Not only War, but we have also heard of many stories of Truce and allies that had given a new direction or a significant change in human history. The whole universe is dependent on many excellent organizations that took birth from the positive side of human politics, and that gave birth to UNESCO, WHO, REDCROSS.

So politics has two-fold results, sometimes benign to human civilization and sometimes malignant and creates Macbeth and Othello.

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Pathetic –the worst hit

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Meaning of Pathetic

Pathetic means evoking or expressing pity, sympathy at it’s highest level of empathy. Of all the fallacies which man hugs to his bosom, the one characterized by Ruskin as “the pathetic fallacy” is the most common to romantic poets. As generally applied, “the pathetic fallacy” imputes to Nature the appropriate emotional states of the despairing, joyful or ironic poet. Poe’s croaking ravens and ghastly rushing rivers were clear examples; T. S. Eliot used the same stage effects in more modern terms. Last week a new poet struck his lyre, and to ears that could remember echoes, the minor strains were far. If you delineate a person as pathetic, you express that they are upset and weak or helpless, and they make you feel very sorry for them.

Now, as long as we see that the feeling is accurate, we pardon or are even pleased by, the confessed fallacy of sight.

Literature – use of pathetic :

The phrase pathetic is a term for the attribution of human emotion and conduct to things found.  It is sometimes used as a kind of personification that occurs in poetic descriptions, when, for example, clouds seem sullen, when leaves dance, or when rocks seem indifferent. The well known British cultural critic John Ruskin coined the term in one of his work, Modern Painters (1856).

Science-use of Pathetic

In science, the term “pathetic “is used in a derogatory way to discourage the kind of symbolic speech in descriptions that might not be strictly accurate and clear, and that might communicate a false impression of a natural phenomenon. An example is a metaphorical phrase “Nature abhors a vacuum“, which contains the suggestion that Nature is capable of hating something. 

Another example is the expression, “Air hates to be crowded, and, when compressed, it will try to escape to an area of lower pressure.” It is not accurate to suggest that air “hates” anything or “tries” to do anything. One way to express the ideas that underlie that phrase more scientifically can be found and described in the kinetic theory of gases: effusion or movement towards lower pressure occurs because unobstructed gas molecules will become more evenly distributed between high- and low-pressure zones, by a flow from the former to the latter.

Pathetic situations for Indian cinema

When it comes to Bollywood, beliefs have always been inconsistent.

Indians, for decades, have felt the West closed its eye to Bollywood’s language of expression and chose to look at only a section of regional cinema selectively.

The West, on its part, always thought of Bollywood as Hollywood’s poor cousin and never felt it necessary to acknowledge its existence.

The mainstream Hindi cinema never stood a chance at the Oscars or other prestigious film festivals. Understandably, Government of India never sent them as the official entry.

However, all perceptions changed when Aamir Khan’s Lagaan received an overwhelming  reception across the film capitals of the world.

With increasing Bollywood consciousness across the globe, the Government of India too realized that sending masala stuff was no faux.

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Tragedy is co-related with human life

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Definition :

The tragedy is the word derives from the Greek tragōidia. It is a consequence of Drama portrays on human suffering, Pain, on slaughter etc. In Drama, it follows catharsis or to please the audiences. In many houses of Drama used this paradoxical response of audience from the historical time. The tragedy is very much relevant consequence of human life, and that leads to a Drama primarily even in Western Culture.

History :

Two thousand five hundred years ago in the theatre of ancient Greece,  only a part  of  the  work of Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides, as well as many segments  of  other poets; through its singular articulations in the works of Shakespeare, Jean Racine, and Friedrich Schiller to the more recent naturalistic tragedy of Henrik Ibsen and August Strindberg; Samuel Beckett’s modernist meditations on death, loss and suffering; Müller’s postmodernist re workings of the tragic canon, tragedy has the essential role of insight s of Human habits, nature and culture. Many philosophers—which includes Plato, Aristotle, Saint Augustine, Voltaire, Hume, Diderot, Hegel, Schopenhauer, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, Freud, Benjamin, Camus, Lacan, and Deleuze—have analyzed, speculated upon, and criticized the time.

Tragedy in Literature:

 Aristotle’s Poetic drama  in 335 BCE  tragedy has been used to make distinctions in that time. if it is a stage of general poetry in epic or lyric or at the scale of the Drama as tragedy opposes comedy. In the modern time , tragedy has also been defined against drama, melodrama, the tragicomic, and epic theatre. Drama, in the narrow sense, cuts across the traditional division between comedy and tragedy in an anti- or a-generic deterition from the mid-19th century onwards. Both Bertolt Brecht and Augusto Boal define their epic theatre projects (non-Aristotelian Drama and Theatre of the Oppressed, respectively) against models of tragedy. Taxidou, however, reads epic theatre as an incorporation of tragic functions and its treatments of mourning and speculation.

 In 1515 Gian Giorgio Trissino and  Vicenza wrote his tragedy Sophonisba where the princess in drunk position the works of Sophocles, Seneca, and Euripides, as well as comedic writes Aristophanes, Terence and Plautus, were available in Europe and the next forty years saw humanists and poets translating and adapting their tragedies. In the 1540s, the European university setting (and primarily, from 1553 on, the Jesuit colleges) became host to Neo-Latin theatres his written by scholars. The influence of Seneca was particularly strong in its humanist tragedy. His plays, with their ghosts, lyrical passages and rhetorical oratory, brought a concentration on rhetoric and language over dramatic action to many humanist tragedies.

Tragedy of Shakespearian Time :

The most important sources for French tragic theatre in the Renaissance were the example of Seneca and the precepts of Horace and Aristotle (and contemporary commentaries by Julius Caesar Scaliger ), plots were taken from classical authors such as Plutarch, Suetonius,from the Bible models were also supplied by the Spanish  Golden  Age playwrights Pedro Calderón de la Barca, Tirso de Molina and Lope de Vega, many of whose works were translated and adapted for the French stage. The most successful tragedies of William  Shakespeare and his Elizabethan contemporaries. Shakespeare’s tragedies  Antony and Cleopatra,  Coriolanus, Hamlet, Othello, Macbeth King lear etc.

The Tragical  History of Doctor Faustus and Tamburlaine the Great and John Webster ‘s The Duchess of Malfi, The White Devil.

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Latest updates regarding CAA protests in the state of West Bengal

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The 2019 Citizenship Amendment Act of the Indian Parliament which claims to provide a way to Indian citizenship for the religious minorities from Afganistan, Bangladesh, and Pakistan. After this Act was passed on 10th December, 2019, there has been wide criticism and severe unrest in different states. The main reason behind protests is that the bill explicitly names the religious minorities in India and they are Buddhists, Parsis, Hindus, Jains, Sikhs, and Christians, thus marginalizing Muslims.

Protesters clearly view this as a violation of the ‘secular’ nature of the Indian Constitution. Thousands of Indian scholars and scientists have signed a petition to oppose the bill. The United States Commission on International Religious Freedom also considers this Act as derogatory.

As massive protests are going on in different states, the situation in West Bengal is no better. The residents of West Bengal have seen multiple incidents of vandalisation, arson and brutality against policemen in the last few days as a reaction against CAA. Secular groups and Muslim residents have raised their voice against religious discrimination.

Agitators have set fire to bus tyres, blocked thoroughfares and staged sit-ins on the highways in places like East Midnapore and Murshidabad, increasing inconvenience for commuters. Several trains were subject to delay or cancellation due to the ongoing situation.

However, Mamata Banerjee, the Chief Minister of the state has assured the inhabitants that she will never allow CAA and NCR in Bengal. She was seen leading a protest rally on Monday and thousands of people joined her in this 4 km protest rally. The TMC supremo commenced their protest walk from Red Road and ended it at the residence of Rabindranath Tagore at Jorasakho Thakur Bari. She continued the rally three consecutive days, assuring Muslims living in West Bengal to feel positive and safe.

To quote Banerjee, “We will never allow NCR and CAA in Bengal. No one will be ousted from the state. We believe in coexistence of all religions, caste and creed.” She further added that “All of us are citizens of this country, no one can take that away from us.” In the words of Governor Jagdeep Dhankhar, such rallies are “inflammatory” and “unconstitutional”.

Apart from road blockage and disruption of daily activities, internet services also remain suspended in Bengal’s various districts such as Murshidabad, North 24 Parganas, Malda and Uttar Dinajpur.

Amidst all these, people have witnessed a bizarre incident in West Bengal’s North 24 Parganas where protesters prepared biriyani in massive utensils on a blocked road. Eye witnesses report that men chopped potatoes, tomatoes and onions and actually prepared biriyani on that blocked road. Since Sunday, the National Highway remains blocked followed by large-scale protests against the disputable CAA (Citizenship Amendment Act).

On Sunday night, few police personnel were attacked and injured by agitators in Uluberia. Violence and loot stories have become common in Birbhum and Nadia as well. Probably, it is only in Assam that the law and order has improved. However, night curfew is still going on Guwahati.

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